Embonini yamakhemikhali, kunemikhiqizo emibili enamagama afanayo kakhulu, okuyi-glyoxylic acid ne-glycolic acid. Abantu ngokuvamile abakwazi ukubahlukanisa. Namuhla, ake sibheke le mikhiqizo emibili ndawonye. I-Glyoxylic acid ne-glycolic acid yizinhlanganisela ezimbili ze-organic ezinomehluko omkhulu wesakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo. Umehluko wabo ikakhulukazi ulele ekwakhiweni kwamangqamuzana, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, izakhiwo ezingokomzimba kanye nezicelo, ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Isakhiwo samangqamuzana nokwakheka kwehlukene
Lona umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kokubili, onquma ngokuqondile umehluko kwezinye izakhiwo.
I-CAS 298-12-4, enefomula yamakhemikhali i-C2H2O3 kanye nefomula yesakhiwo i-HOOC-CHO, iqukethe amaqembu amabili asebenzayo - iqembu le-carboxyl (-COOH) neqembu le-aldehyde (-CHO), futhi liyingxenye ye-aldehyde acid ye-compounds.
I-CAS 79-14-1, enefomula yamakhemikhali ethi C2H4O3 kanye nefomula yesakhiwo i-HOOC-CH2OH, iqukethe amaqembu amabili asebenzayo - iqembu le-carboxyl (-COOH) kanye neqembu le-hydroxyl (-OH), futhi ingeyesigaba se-α -hydroxy acid yezinhlanganisela.
Amafomula wamangqamuzana kokubili ahluka ngama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen (H2), futhi umehluko emaqenjini asebenzayo (iqembu le-aldehyde vs. Iqembu le-hydroxyl) uwumehluko oyinhloko.
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezihlukene
Umehluko emaqenjini asebenzayo uholela ezimpahleni zamakhemikhali ezihluke ngokuphelele phakathi kwalokhu okubili:
Izici zei-glycoxylic acid(ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaqembu e-aldehyde):
Inezici eziqinile zokunciphisa: iqembu le-aldehyde lifakwa i-oxidized kalula futhi lingabhekana nokusabela kwesibuko sesiliva nesisombululo sesiliva se-ammonia, lisabela ngokumiswa kwe-hydroxide yethusi esanda kulungiswa ukuze lenze imvula ebomvu ngezitini (i-cuprous oxide), futhi ingabuye ifakwe i-oxalic acid ngama-oxidants afana ne-potassium permanganate ne-hydrogen peroxide.
Amaqembu e-aldehyde angabhekana nokungezwani: ngokwesibonelo, angasabela nge-hydrogen ukuze akhe i-glycolic acid (lolu uhlobo lobudlelwano boguquko phakathi kwalokhu kokubili).
Izici ze-glycolic acid (ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaqembu e-hydroxyl):
Amaqembu e-Hydroxyl ayi-nucleophilic: angabhekana nokusabela kwe-intramolecular noma i-intermolecular esterification namaqembu e-carboxyl ukuze akhe ama-ester angama-cyclic noma ama-polyester (afana ne-polyglycolic acid, into ewohlokayo ye-polymer).
Amaqembu e-Hydroxyl angenziwa i-oxidized: nokho, ubunzima be-oxidation buphakeme kunabo bamaqembu e-aldehyde ku-glyoxylic acid, futhi i-oxidant enamandla (njenge-potassium dichromate) iyadingeka ukuze i-oxidize amaqembu e-hydroxyl emaqenjini e-aldehyde noma amaqembu e-carboxyl.
I-acidity yeqembu le-carboxyl: Womabili aqukethe amaqembu e-carboxyl futhi ane-acidic. Nokho, iqembu le-hydroxyl le-glycolic acid linomphumela obuthakathaka wokunikela nge-electron eqenjini le-carboxyl, futhi i-asidi yayo ibuthaka kancane kunaleyo ye-glycolic acid (glycolic acid pKa≈3.18, glycolic acid pKa≈3.83).
Izakhiwo ezihlukile zomzimba
Isimo kanye nokuncibilika:
Incibilika kalula emanzini nasezincibilikisini eziphila ezindaweni ezishisayo (njenge-ethanol), kodwa ngenxa yomehluko ku-polarity yamangqamuzana, ukuncibilika kwawo kwehluka kancane (i-glyoxylic acid ine-polarity enamandla kanye ne-solubility ephakeme kancane emanzini).
Iphoyinti lokuncibilika
Iphuzu lokuncibilika kwe-glyoxylic acid licishe libe ngu-98℃, kanti ele-glycolic acid lilinganiselwa ku-78-79℃. Umehluko uvela emandleni e-intermolecular (iqembu le-aldehyde le-glyoxylic acid linamandla anamandla okwenza izibopho ze-hydrogen neqembu le-carboxyl).
Uhlelo lokusebenza oluhlukile
Isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ye-organic synthesis, njengokuhlanganiswa kwe-vanillin (i-flavoring), i-allantoin (i-pharmaceutical intermediate yokukhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda), i-p-hydroxyphenylglycine (i-antibiotic intermediate), njll. Imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwezinwele: Njengesithako esilungisa isimo, isiza ukulungisa izintambo zezinwele ezilimele futhi ithuthukise ukucwebezela kwezinwele (kudinga ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izithako ukuze kuncishiswe ukucasuka).
Njenge-α -hydroxy acid (AHA), ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyisisekelo kugxile kakhulu emkhakheni wemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba. Isebenza njengesithako esikhiphayo (ngokuncibilikisa izinto ezixhumanisayo phakathi kwe-stratum corneum yesikhumba ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuchithwa kwesikhumba esifile), ukuthuthukisa izinkinga ezifana nesikhumba esimahhadlahhadla kanye nezinduna. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibuye isetshenziswe embonini yendwangu (njenge-ejenti yokuxubha), ama-ejenti okuhlanza (ukususa isikali), kanye nasekuhlanganiseni amapulasitiki awonakele (i-polyglycolic acid).
Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwalokhu okubili uvela emaqenjini asebenzayo: i-glyoxylic acid iqukethe iqembu le-aldehyde (enezici eziqinile zokunciphisa, ezisetshenziswa ku-organic synthesis), kanti i-glycolic acid iqukethe iqembu le-hydroxyl (ingafakwa esterified, isetshenziswe ekunakekelweni kwesikhumba nasezindaweni zezinto zokwakha). Kusukela esakhiweni kuye emvelweni bese kuya ekusetshenzisweni, zonke zikhombisa umehluko omkhulu ngenxa yalo mehluko owumongo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-11-2025