izindaba

I-Polyethyleneimine(i-PEI ngamafuphi), enenombolo ye-CAS engu-9002-98-6, iyi-polymer ye-cationic encibilikayo emanzini. Isici sayo esiyinhloko ukuthi uchungechunge lwayo lwama-molecule lucebile ngamaqembu amaningi ama-amino (ama-amine ayinhloko, ama-amine esibili, nama-amine esithathu). Lesi sakhiwo sinquma i-alkalinity yayo enamandla, ukusabela okuphezulu, kanye nezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile ze-physicochemical. I-Polyethyleneimine inenani lokusetshenziswa elingenakuphikwa emikhakheni eminingi.

I. Ulwazi Oluyisisekelo: Isakhiwo Nokuhlukaniswa

1. Isakhiwo samakhemikhali

Iyunithi ephindaphindayo ye-PEI yi--CH₂CH₂NH-, futhi amaqembu ama-amino kuchungechunge lwayo lwama-molecule ayinika izakhiwo eziqinile ze-cationic (pKa≈10) – ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezingathathi hlangothi noma ezibuthakathaka ze-asidi, amaqembu ama-amino angaba yi-protonated (-NH₂→-NH₃⁺), okuwumthombo oyinhloko wokuncibilika kwamanzi, ikhono lokuhlanganiswa kanye nokumuncwa kwamanzi ebusweni.

Ngokwezakhiwo ezahlukene, zihlukaniswe kakhulu ngezigaba ezimbili:

I-polyethyleneimine eqondile (L-PEI): Uchungechunge lwama-molecule luqondile, kanti ama-amine esibili yiqembu eliyinhloko lama-amino (cishe ama-90%), kanti isilinganiso sama-amine ayinhloko kanye naphezulu siphansi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo sama-molecule kuncane, kanti ubumsulwa buphakeme.

I-polyethyleneimine ehlanganisiwe (i-B-PEI): Uchungechunge lwama-molecule luqukethe inani elikhulu lamaketanga aseceleni, anesilinganiso esilinganiselwe sama-amine ayinhloko (≈25%), ama-amine esibili (≈50%), kanye nama-amine esithathu (≈25%), futhi lune-reactivity ephezulu. Luhlobo oluvame ukusetshenziswa embonini.

2. Izakhiwo ezibalulekile zomzimba

Ii. Izici Eziyinhloko: Kungani i-PEI isetshenziswa kabanzi?

Impahla eqinile ye-cationic kanye nekhono lokuhlanganiswa: Iqembu lama-amino ngemva kwe-protonation lithwala ishaja enhle futhi lingakha ama-complexes azinzile ngezinto ezishaja kabi (njenge-DNA, i-RNA, udayi we-anionic, ubumba, kanye nama-ion ensimbi), okuyindlela eyinhloko yesenzo salo ekulethweni kwezakhi zofuzo, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, kanye nokumuncwa kwensimbi.

Ukusabela okuphezulu: Amaqembu ama-amino (ikakhulukazi ama-amine ayinhloko) angabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni okuhlukahlukene (njengokwengeza kukaMichael, ukuvula indandatho ye-epoxy, i-acylation, ukusabela kokuxhumanisa), futhi angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokuxhumanisa kanye neziguquli ukuze kusebenze ubuso bezinto ezibonakalayo.

Ukuncibilika kwamanzi kanye nesakhiwo sokwenza ifilimu: Ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle kwenza kube lula ukukucubungula. Ngemva kokomiswa, kungakha ifilimu exineneyo, futhi ifilimu inezakhiwo ezithile zokunamathela kanye nezivimbelo.

Ubuningi be-alkalinity: Inani elikhulu lamaqembu ama-amino ku-molecule lenza isixazululo salo samanzi sibe ne-alkali kakhulu (pH≈10 kuya ku-12), futhi singabhekana nokusabela kokungazweli kwezinto ezine-acid.

Iii.I-polyethylenimine isetshenziselwa ini(Kuhlukaniswe ngokwezimo zesidingo

1. Insimu yezokwelapha (Umongo: Amavektha okulethwa kwezakhi zofuzo

I-PEI ingenye yezindlela zokukhiqiza izakhi zofuzo ezingezona ezibangelwa amagciwane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu njengamanje:

I-Principle Cationic PEI kanye ne-anionic DNA/RNA zakha “i-PEI-nucleic acid complex” ngokusebenzisana kwe-electrostatic, okungavikeli nje kuphela ama-nucleic acid ekuwohlokeni yi-nucleases kodwa futhi okuwenza akwazi ukungena emaselini nge-endocytosis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, “umphumela wesiponji se-proton” we-PEI (ukumunca ama-proton ngaphakathi kweseli ngemva kokukhula) Ukuqala ukuqhekeka kwe-vesicle kungakhuthaza ukukhishwa kwama-nucleic acid ku-cytoplasm;

Ukusetshenziswa: Ukwelashwa ngezakhi zofuzo (njengokulethwa kwezakhi zofuzo zezimila nezifo zofuzo), ukulethwa komjovo we-nucleic acid, ukuhlolwa kokudluliselwa kweseli (i-reagent yokudluliselwa kwe-PEI evame ukusetshenziswa emalabhorethri);

Qaphela: I-PEI enesisindo sama-molecule aphezulu inobuthi obuphezulu kakhulu. Njengamanje, i-PEI eguquliwe enobuthi obuphansi (njenge-PEI eguquliwe ye-peG kanye nama-nanoparticles e-PEI axhumene) athuthukisiwe.

2. Insimu yokwelapha amanzi (Okuyinhloko: Ama-Flocculants, Ama-Adsorbents)

I-Flocculant: Impahla ye-cationic yeI-Polyethylenimine PEIingaqeda izinhlayiya ezilengayo ezishajelwe kabi emanzini (njengesihlabathi, izinto eziphilayo, namagciwane), okubangela ukuthi izinhlayiya zihlangane futhi zihlale. Isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza amanzi okuphuza kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini (njengokunyathelisa nokudaya, ukwenza amanzi angcolile ephepha), efanelekile kakhulu ekuphatheni amanzi angcolile anokungcola okuphezulu kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo.

I-Adsorbent Iqembu lama-amino le-Polyethylenimine PEI lingakha izibopho zokuxhumanisa nama-ion ensimbi esindayo (njenge-Cu²⁺, i-Ni²⁺, i-Cr⁶⁺, i-Pb²⁺), futhi lingasetshenziswa ekususeni izinsimbi ezisindayo emanzini angcolile ezimboni. Lingenziwa futhi libe izinto zokungenisa eziguqulwe nge-polyethylenimine (njenge-PEI-activated carbon, i-PEI-nanofibers) ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okungenisa.

3. Insimu yokuguqulwa kobuso bezinto ezibonakalayo (Umongo: Ukuguqulwa Kokusebenza)

Ukuguqulwa kwephepha/ifayibha: Ukwelashwa kwephepha nge-polyethylenimine PEI kungathuthukisa amandla alo amanzi, ukumelana namanzi kanye nokunyatheliswa (ngokuxhumanisa namaqembu e-hydroxyl ebusweni befayibha), futhi kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwephepha elikhethekile (njengephepha lokupakisha, iphepha lokuhlunga).

Ukwelashwa kobuso bensimbi: I-Polyethylenimine ingakha ifilimu evikelayo ebusweni bensimbi, ithuthukise ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi, futhi ingasebenza njengesikhuthazi sokunamathela kwezembozo zensimbi.

Ukuguqulwa kwezinto ze-polymer: I-PEI isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuxhumanisa noma i-compatibilizer ukuthuthukisa ukuhambisana nokunamathela kwama-polymer (njengokuguqulwa kokuxhumanisa kwama-polyurethane nama-epoxy resins), noma ukuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwamanzi kwezinto (njengamafilimu e-polyolefin aguquliwe yi-PEI).

4. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni

Izinamathiseli kanye nezinamathiseli: Iqembu lama-amino le-PEI lingabhekana nokusabela kokuxhumanisa okuhlanganisiwe nama-aldehydes, ama-isocyanates, njll., futhi lingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokwelapha izinamathiseli ezisekelwe emanzini. I-Polyethylenimine isetshenziselwa ukubopha ukhuni, iphepha, kanye nensimbi, enamandla aphezulu okubopha kanye nokumelana okuhle kwamanzi.

Imboni yodayi kanye nombala: I-Polyethylenimine PEI ingasetshenziswa njengesithako samadayi e-cationic (ikakhulukazi ekudayiseni imicu yemvelo efana nekotini kanye nesilika), okuthuthukisa ukunamathela kanye nokugezwa kwamadayi; I-Polyethylenimine ingasetshenziswa futhi njengesihlanzisi sombala ukuvimbela ukuhlangana kombala.

Ukukhishwa kwe-petroleum: I-PEI isetshenziswa ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi asezindaweni zikawoyela (njengokuvala amanzi kanye nama-ejenti okulawula iphrofayili), noma njengesithasiselo soketshezi lokubhoboza ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza koketshezi lokubhoboza.

Ngokulungisa isisindo sama-molecule (isisindo sama-molecule esiphansi, ubuthi obuphansi; isisindo sama-molecule esiphezulu, umsebenzi ophezulu), isakhiwo (esiqondile vs. esinamagatsha), kanye nezindlela zokuguqula (i-peG-ylation, i-cross-linking, kanye ne-compounding) yei-polyethylenimine, ukusetshenziswa kwayo emikhakheni esezingeni eliphezulu (njengokulethwa kwezidakamizwa okuqondiwe kanye nezinto ezikhethekile ezisebenzayo) kungandiswa kakhulu.